Prevalensi Antigen dan Antibodi Hepatitis Virus B pada Paramedis dan Tenaga Administrasi Rumah Sakit

To determine the risk of medical personnel for the acquisition on hepatitis B infection, we performed a prevalence survey for serologic evidence of exposure to this virus. During January 1987 through May 1987 two serologic markers (HBs Ag and anti HBs) had been taken from 381 nurses and 60 administrators in the Borromeus General Hospital, Bandung. The results were as follows : Six personnel ( 6% ) of the exposed group (381 nurses) were positive for HBs Ag and 37 (9,7%) were positive for anti HBs. Of the 60 administrators, 3 (5%) were positive for anti HBs and none were HBs Ag positive. These data indicate that HB V serological examinations of health workers are very important, and support the concept that paramedics should be considered for vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, not only for their personal protection but also to prevent the remote but real possibility of transmission of HB infection to patients

Exact results concerning multifield moduli of two-phase composites

Chen has recently shown how the response matrix of a two-phase composite can be written as linear combinations of products of the component matrices. We elaborate on Chen's expansions by deriving them in a different way, which a. shows them in a different light, and b. permits us to generalize them further. As an application of our results we find exact microstructure-independent relations between the moduli of the two components and those of any composite. The body of these relations is equivalent to the compatibility relations of Milgrom and Shtrikman (1989), but they are cast in a rather different form, which has certain advantages. As an example, we show how any modulus of an arbitrary two-phase composite can be written in closed form as a linear combination of any other $n$ of its moduli, with coefficients that depend only on the component moduli, but not on the volume fractions, or the microstructure.Comment: 6 page

What controls precipitation δ18O in the southern Tibetan Plateau at seasonal and intra-seasonal scales?

Abstract HKT-ISTP 2013 B

Reachability in Higher-Order-Counters

Higher-order counter automata (\HOCS) can be either seen as a restriction of higher-order pushdown automata (\HOPS) to a unary stack alphabet, or as an extension of counter automata to higher levels. We distinguish two principal kinds of \HOCS: those that can test whether the topmost counter value is zero and those which cannot. We show that control-state reachability for level $k$ \HOCS with $0$-test is complete for \mbox{$(k-2)$}-fold exponential space; leaving out the $0$-test leads to completeness for \mbox{$(k-2)$}-fold exponential time. Restricting \HOCS (without $0$-test) to level $2$, we prove that global (forward or backward) reachability analysis is \PTIME-complete. This enhances the known result for pushdown systems which are subsumed by level $2$ \HOCS without $0$-test. We transfer our results to the formal language setting. Assuming that \PTIME \subsetneq \PSPACE \subsetneq \mathbf{EXPTIME}, we apply proof ideas of Engelfriet and conclude that the hierarchies of languages of \HOPS and of \HOCS form strictly interleaving hierarchies. Interestingly, Engelfriet's constructions also allow to conclude immediately that the hierarchy of collapsible pushdown languages is strict level-by-level due to the existing complexity results for reachability on collapsible pushdown graphs. This answers an open question independently asked by Parys and by Kobayashi.Comment: Version with Full Proofs of a paper that appears at MFCS 201

G.W. Leibniz: Sign and the Problem of Expression

The disciplinary differentiation of sciences attracted Leibniz’s attention for a long period of time. From nowadays prospects it looks very well grounded as soon as in Leibniz’s manuscripts a modern scholar finds clue ideas of any research field which would tempt him to consider Leibniz as one of the founders of this particular discipline. We argue that this is possible only in retrospection and would significantly distort the essence of Leibniz’s epistemology. Our approach implies, in contrary, the investigation of the Leibniz doctrine of signs on the background of the related philosophical problem, that of expression. The choice of semiotics is justified by the fact that it took a central place in his theoretical constructions, both those of natural sciences and of philosophy. In Leibniz system of knowledge the concept of notes and sings served a theoretical foundation of his most important and long-life aspiration to build up practical science of universal characteristics. In his eyes this practical science was the science of sciences, and we can consider it as the matrix for all possible scientific knowledge

Emergence of nonmotor symptoms as the focus of research and treatment of Parkinson's disease: Introduction to the special section on nonmotor dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally characterized by the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement, and impairments of posture, gait, and balance. A relatively new focus of research and treatment is the nonmotor symptoms of the disease, following from recent understanding of the neuropathological stages. Disruptions of arousal, mood, sleep, and autonomic function before the first motor signs of PD implicate the lower brainstem, which is affected before the substantia nigra and dopaminergic system. In later stages of the disease, the pathology extends to the cortex, accompanied by impairments in cognition and perception. The articles in this special section advance our knowledge of the brain bases of the nonmotor symptoms of PD, including disrupted visual perception, impaired cognition across a range of domains, and psychiatric and artistic manifestations. Subtypes under investigation include those described by side of disease onset (left or right body side), predominant cognitive profile, and gender. Taken together, the articles in this special section reflect the field's growing focus on the nonmotor symptoms of PD, their brain bases, and the corresponding potential for their treatment.Published versio